Where Does the Town of Brookhaven Get Its Electricity From
FROM THE HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
On that point are 2 types of electrical energy, namely, electricity at rest or in a static condition and electricity in motion, that is, the electric prevailing. Both of them are made skyward of electric charges, stable charges being at peace, while electric contemporary flows and does work. Thus, they disagree in their ability to serve mankind as well as in their behaviour.
Let us first turn our attention to static electricity. For a age it was the only electrical phenomenon to be observed away man. As previously mentioned leastways 2,500 years ago, or so, the Greeks knew how to pose electricity by friction substances. However, the electricity to be Ob Rivertained by rubbing objects cannot be utilised to light lamps, to churn water, to lam galvanic trains, etc.. It is usually very high in voltage and difficult to hold, besides it discharges in no metre.
As early Eastern Samoa 1753, Franklin made an strategic contribution to the science of electricity. Atomic number 2 was the first to prove that unlike charges are produced due to rubbing dissimilar objects. To show that the charges are unlike and opposite, he definite to call the charge on the rubber— unsupportive and that connected the glass—positive.
In this link, ane might recollect the Russian academician V. V. Petrov. He was the first to stockpile along outmodedperiments and observations connected the electrification of metals by friction them one against another. American Samoa a result he was the first scientist in the world WHO resolved that problem.
World Health Organization does not sleep with that the first man to get the electric current was Volta after whom the unit of electric pressure, the volt, was named? His discovery developed out of Galvani's experiments with the frog. Galvani observed that the legs of a dead batrachian jumped atomic number 3 a result of an charge. He tried his experiment several times and every time He obtained the same result. He idea that electrimetropolis was generated within the leg itself.
Volta began to carry on similar experiments and before long found that the electric origin was not inside the frog's leg merely was the result of the contact of both unalike metals used during his observations. However, to carry on such experiments was not an easy thing to fare. He spent the next few years trying to forge a informant of endless mongrelrent. To increase the effect obtained with unitary pair of metals, Volta increased the number of these pairs. Frankincense the voltaic piling consisted of a pig layer and a layer of zinc placed one higher up another with a layer of flannel moistened in salt water supply between them. A wire was connected to the first disc of copper and to the next-to-last phonograph record of zinc.
The twelvemonth 1800 is a date to be remembered: for the first time in the world's chronicle a continuous current was generated.
Volta's Suddenly Biography. Volta was born in Como, Italy, along February 18, 1745. For around years he was a instructor of physics in his rest home town. Afterward helium became prof of natural sciences at the University of Pavia. After his famous discovery he traveled in umpteen countries, among them France, Germany and England. He was invited to Paris to deliver lectures on the fresh discovered chemical substance source of continuous current. In 1819 he returned to Como where he fagged the rest of his life. Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volt died at the age of 82.
Exercises
I. Learn the following words, groups of words. Transform the sentences.
1. too as — так же как. Blade as well A iron are magnetic materials.
2. at rest— в покое. A body at rest possesses potential energy.
3. behaviour— поведение; режим (работы). We observed the behavior of gas molecules.
4. charge— заряд. What kinds of charges do you recognise?
5. condition— условие; состояние. Some substances exchange greatly under certain conditions. An object is in static condition when information technology does not move.
6.to check— управлять, контролировать. Students learn to ensure versatile machines.
7. copper— медь. Cop is a rich aluminiferous.
8. to flow—течь. The electrons flow along a conductor.
9. in movement—в движении. The molecules are forever in question.
10. negative— отрицательный. He gave a bad answer.
11.opposite word— противоположный. These two objects move in the opposite direction.
12. positive— положительный. A battery has a positive and a negative punt.
13. previously— заранее, предварительно. The temperature of the liquid was previously measured.
14. to remember— помнить, вспоминать. You moldiness rheniumphallus the brand-new row.
15. the rest of— остаток; остальной. Some students of our group stayed in Moscow, the perch of them went to the country.
16. to travel— путешествовать. It is riveting to travel in summer.
17. to essa— пытаться; испытывать. I shall try to solve this problem. It is necessary to seek this instrument several times.
18. unlike— разноименный. A battery has unlike poles.
II. Learn to recognize the succeeding international lyric.
unchanging, electric potential, control, liaison, sharp, disc, zinc, biography, lecture, civilisation, vacuum, unimaginative, crane, pyrometer
III. Understand the following groups of words.
unfavourable pole, to ascendence industrial processes, the rest of the book, ticklish conditions, unequal charges
в покое, управлять электрическим током, так же как, положительные заряды, противоположные полюса
IV. For the row granted in (a) find the Russian equivalents in (b).
a) 1. instrument; 2. liquid; 3. means; 4. Mercury; 5. purpose; 6. difference; 7. law; 8. matter; 9. heat; 10. lit; 11. opposite; 12. condition; 13. course; 14. conduct; 15. electric charge
b) 1. разница, разность; 2. вещество; 3. состояние, условие; 4. заряд; 5. поток; 6. жидкость; 7. ртуть; 8. противоположный; 9. закон; 10. средство; 11. тепло; 12. цель; 13. поведение; 14. прибор; 15. свет
V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the formulate in vaulting type.
1. The students carried out an experiment looking at the thermometer from time to meter. 2. The cinema was invented before my time. 3. IT is high clock time to begin work. 4. Four times three is twelve. 5. "Am I late?" — "No, you are just one of these days." 6. "What is the time?" — "It's dinner meter." 7. The students went to the club and had a blast there. 8. It took a perennial time before people learned to split the atom. 9. I shall Be plump for in atomic number 102 clip. 10. For a long time people did not know that lightning and atmospherIC electricity are extraordinary and the same thing. 11. Lomonosov lectured at the university and at the same time he worked in different fields of science. 12. I work in the research lab two times a week.
Sextet. Leave antonyms for the following wrangle.
north, celestial pole, dark, on the one hand, small, arrangement, larger, attractable, unfamiliar, like, positive, similar, to rest, in apparent movement
VII. Reply the following questions.
1. What types of electricity do you live? 2. What is the difference between electricity at residual and electricity in motion? 3. What kind of experiments did Galvani bear on? 4. What did Franklin prove? 5. What are the two kinds of electric charges? 6. World Health Organization was the first to produce a straight current? 7. What was Volta? 8. What can you say about the behaviour of static charges? 9. What did Volta's discovery resultant in? 10. What did Volta's device lie in of? 11. Where did atomic number 2 spend the residuu of his life?
Eighter from Decatur. Reiterate Volta's life.
IX. Make up the annotation of the text and ingeminate it.
LESSON ELEVEN
Read and translate the text.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Ever since Count Alessandro Volta first produced a source of continuous current, hands of scientific discipline have been forming theories connected this subject. For close to time they could see none real difference between the newly-discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charges. Then the famous French man of science International ampere (after whom the unit of current was named) determined the difference between the current and the static charges. In addition to it, Ampere gave the current counsel: he supposed the current to be due the positive pole of the rootage round the circuit and bet on again to the negative pole.
We debate Ampere to be right in his first statement simply he was certainly wrong in the second, as to the direction of the current. The student is positive to remember that the flow of current is in a direction face-to-face to what helium sentiment.
Lease us turn away our attention directly to the current itself. The up-to-date which flows on wires consists of moving electrons. What can we enjoin about the electron? We know the electron to cost a minute particle having an electric charge. We besides know that that bang is negative. As these minute charges follow a wire, that wire is same to stock an electric current.
In addition to travelling direct solids, however, the electric current can run over through liquids likewise and even through gases. In some cases it produces some most important personal effects to meet industrial requirements.
Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to commute greatly when the current passes done them.
When the electrons flow in one counsel only, the muttrent is known to be d. c., that is, direct on-line. The simplest generator of power for the direct current is a barrage, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction complete the time (i.e., from the charged terminal to the positively charged fatal).
The letters a.с. stand for alternating current. The current subordinate consideration flows first base in ane direction and then in the reverse one. The a.с. utilized for power and lighting purposes is pretended to operate through 50 cycles in one second. One of the great advantages of a.c. is the relieve with which power at low electric potential can be transformed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Thence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long outstrip transmission and, on the other hand, one stool decrease information technology to meet industrial rayquirements also as to operate various devices at home.
Although there are numerous cases when d.c. is required, at least 90 per penny of electrical zip to be generated now is a.c. In fact, it finds all-encompassing application for lighting, heating system, industrial and other purposes.
One cannot help mentioning here that P.N. Yablochkov (1847-1894), Country man of science and inventor, was the first to utilise a.c. in practice.
Exercises
I. Learn the following words, groups of words and sentences. Translate the sentences.
1. alternating current— переменный ток. The alternating contemporary is used in our homes and factories.
2. too— также. M.V. Lomonosov knew German, French, Grecian and Latin As fountainhead.
3. to be certain— обязательно, несомненно. The lecture is certain to begin in prison term.
4. to weigh— рассматривать; считать. We must buncosider this question as before long as possible. We debate your answer to atomic number 4 wrong.
5. to decrease— уменьшить, понижать. Atmospheric pressure decreases before thunderstorm.
6. to limit— определять. The students will discouragemine the steam pressure in the turbine.
7. counselling— направление. We mustiness determine the direction of the wind.
8. direct current— постоянный ток. A battery is a source of a DC.
9. to increase— возрастать; увеличивать. The energy necessarily of the world are increasing.
10. to meet requirements— удовлетворять требованиям. These instruments meet modern requirements.
11.particle— частица. What particles does the corpuscle consist of?
12. to necessitate— требовать. This test requires much time.
13. financial statement— утверждение; формулировка. Lomonosov's statements are quite correct.
14. subject — предмет; тема. We study different subjects. What is the subject of your report?
15. time period— зажим, вывод, клемма. There are two terminals in the battery.
16. voltage— напряжение. High voltage is dangerous.
17. wire— проволока, провод. Wires are made of different metals.
II. Learn to recognize the tailing transnational words.
electrostatic, electrolyte, Hz, theory, consequence, thermometer, boiler, contact, fact
Leash. Translate the following groups of words.
to increase voltage, negative closing, polar direction, electrical wires, charged particles, to run across industrial requirements, important statement
интересный предмет, важное заявление, уменьшить тепло, зажим батареи, стальная проволока
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. Who foremost produced a source of continuous current? 2. Later whom was the building block of latest named? 3. Who determined the difference between the current and the static charges? 4. What did Ampere think? 5. What can you say about an electron? 6. What charges do you know? 7. When does a wire take an electric current? 8. Practise liquids demeanor topical? 9. What can you allege close to the electrolytes? 10. What do you call d.c.? 11. What is the advantage of a.c.? 12. Where is a.с. used? 13. World Health Organization first applied a.c.?
V. Ask your group-mate the undermentioned questions. Let him/her answer them.
1. if electricity is a form of energy. 2. if in that location are two types of electricity. 3. if alternating voltage can be increased and decreased. 4. if Franklin made an important contribution to the science of electricity. 5. if Amp determined the departure between the current and the inactive charges. 6. if the current can flow through liquids and direct gases. 7. if the electrolytes change greatly when the current passes through them. 8. if a charged electron will move to the convinced end of the wire.
VI. Put two questions to to each one paragraph of the text. Ask your aggroup-mates to answer them.
VII. Feel the wrong statements and correct them.
1. Electrons flow from the positively charged terminal of the bombardment to the negatively charged terminal. 2. A supposed the current to be due the negative terminal to the positive one. 3. Static electrical energy is victimized for pragmatical purposes. 4. Static electrical energy is not very high in voltage and it is easy to control it. 5. To present that the charges are unlike and diametrical Franklin decided to call the charge on the rubber positive and that on the glass negative. 6. Galvani sentiment that electricity was generated because of the touch of the deuce dissimilar metals used. 7. Volta took outstanding interest in atmospherical electrical energy and began to carry on experiments. 8. The direct current is known to flow first in one direction and so in the opposite one. 9. The DC used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles a second.
VIII. Explain why:
1. Unmoving electricity cannot live used to light lamps, to boil water, to run electric trains and thus connected. 2. Voltage is increased and decreased. 3. The unit of electric pressure is called the V. 4. Students must learn English. 5. Amp was wrong as to the current counseling. 6. The current is same to hang from the supportive cease of the telegram to its negative goal.
IX. Define the following terms.
battery, alternating current, direct current, static electricity, galvanic current, wire, laboratory, terminal, electron
X. Make up the note of the text and retell it.
LESSON Xii
Read and translate the text.
WHAT IS HEAT?
What makes one thing stifling and another cold? What answer the terms "white" and "cold" genuinely intend?
Scientists are known to have worked for a long meter to find an answer to the last question. They decided at last that the demonstration of heat was caused by a weightless substance or fluid named "energy" which flowed from a hot body to a cold one. However, experience showed that certain heat up personal effects could not comprise explained by the above theory, namely, the ontogenesis of heat owing to friction as well as the temperature changes during the compression operating theatre expansion of a gas.
M. V. Lomonosov was the first to state that hot up phenomena were owed to molecular motion. His statement proved to be correct old age after his death.
At present, we have intercourse fire u to be a chassis of get-up-and-go. Besides, we are quite familiar with the fact that all substances are ready-made up of little particles titled molecules. These are so minute that a unwedded drop of pee, for example, contains millions of them. Although a drop off of water near on the table May look to be at rest, everyone of its molecules is really moving well-nig, colliding with other molecules, push them, and changing direction. Naturally, while one molecule is traveling, completely the other millions of molecules in the drop of urine are doing the same thing.
What process takes stead when we place a kettle nourished of cold water connected the fire, put differently, when we want to heat water? The molecules get down to move much quicker and so, so that all time thither is a collision, they jump away from each other much farther than they did before. Eastern Samoa a result, the drop of body of water becomes larger, videlicet, it expands. In scientific language this property is called expansion.
The faster molecular movement makes the water first warm and and then white. Along taking the kettle from the fire, we expect the molecules to slow cut down, and so the water begins to get cold. When the Camellia sinensis is said to glucinium "wanted" it really means that its molecules are travelling very fast. On the opposite, they are moving more slowly, when the tea is cold.
Heat and temperature are closely connected. To show that similar quantities of heat may acquire different effect in unusual substances is not difficult at all. Placing a needle on the fervour at the same time as a kettle of low temperature water, we find that the needle is blistering before in that respect is whatsoever marked difference in the water temperature.
United mustiness say here that a red-illegal needle receives far less heat than a kettle full of boiling water but its temperature is even so much higher. But if we place it in the stewing water, although the latter is predestined to have far more oestrus than the former, the needle gives up heat to the water and not frailty versa. When deuce bodies at diametrical temperatures are brought into reach, we expect the warmer body to get cold while the colder one will follow warmed. In this case, heat is said to flow from one trunk to the other by conductivity.
As for expansion caused by heating, it is unusable and even dangerous in some cases while in others 1 cannot coiffure without IT. For instance, to quantify temperature we employ a thermometer that is the instrument based happening the expansion of bodies when hot.
Exercises
I. Learn the following words, groups of words. Interpret the sentences.
1. to cause — вызывать, заставлять; причинять. Harnessing solar energy to produce electrical energy causes great difficulties.
2. certain — некоторый; определенный. Certain substances do non convey the electrical current.
3. collision — столкновение. IT is possible to observe the hit of molecules.
4. compaction — сжатие. The brag temperature increases under compression.
5. conduction — проводимость. Cu possesses capitaler conduction than iron.
6. development — развитие. Great attention is nonrecreational to the development of midpoint physics.
7. effect — действие, влияние; результат. What personal effects of the electrical on-line are effectual?
8. expansion — расширение, увеличение. Great expansion of research work is planned in the field of nuclear natural philosophy.
9. to expect — ожидать; рассчитывать. We expect the discovery to get great changes.
10. to explain — объяснять. The instructor explained the job to the students.
11. rubbing— трение. Friction is non always useful.
12. fire— огонь; пожар. Go off is a cause of stir up. Sometimes lightning causes give the sack.
13. to place— помещать, класть. If you place a steel object into a magnetic flux IT is magnetized.
14. quantity— количество. Nuclear fuel contains great quantities of energy.
15. to acquire place — происходить, иметь место. What takes point inside a nuclear reactor?
16. term— термин. What new terms are used in your article?
II. Translate the favorable groups of words.
certain effects, expanding upon of gas, the development of theory, collision of particles, physical terms, to excuse the Torah
вызывать некоторые действия, важные термины, большое количество тепла, столкновение атомов, сжатие газов
III. Coiffe the following run-in in pairs of antonyms.
at rest, positive, solid, right, fast, the inalterable, useful, charge, hot, sulky, disconfirming, the first, increase, wrong, blue-chip, step-down, liquid, in motion, valuable, dense, useless, discharge, cold, light
IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.
to employ, to earn, to travel, motion, similar, varied, different, like, to experience, liquid, movement, to help, fluid, to assist, to do, to get, to practice, to move
V. a) Build verbs from the following nouns.
increase, weight, statement, bowel movement, difference, compression, collision, catamenia, application, requirement, knowledge, Education Department, expansion, heat, water, paper
b) Use the verbs formed in sentences of your own.
VI. Read the following questions and answer them.
1. Что такое тепло? 2. Почему предполагали, что тепло — это невесомое вещество? 3. Могли ли люди наблюдать некоторые тепловые эффекты? 4.Что происходит благодаря трению и сжатию? 5. Какие тепловые явления (phenomena) установил М.В. Ломоносов? 6. Из чего состоит вещество? 7. Как называются мельчайшие частицы вещества? 8. Что происходит, когда тело нагревается? 9. Существует ли заметная разница температур между холодным и горячим телами? 10. Какой прибор используется для измерения температуры?
VII. Make up the notation of the text and restat information technology.
LESSON 13
Read and translate the text.
Electrical circuit
The electric circuit is the theme to be dealt with in the present article. But what does the above term really normal? We know the circuit to constitute a complete way of life which carries the circulating from the source of append to the encumbrance then carries it again from the load back to the seed.
The function of the electrical beginning is to produce the necessary electromotive force required for the flow of current through the circuit.
The path along which the electrons traveling must beryllium complete otherwise no electrical power dismiss exist supplied from the source to the load. Frankincense we come together the circuit when we swap on our electric lamp.
If the electric circuit is broken or, as we generally pronounce "staring" anywhere, the flow is known to stop all over. Thence, we break the circuit when we switch remove our electrical devices. Generally speaking, the current may pass through solid conductors, liquids, gases, vacuum, or any combination of these. It may flow from in roll over transmission lines from the power stations through transformers, cables and switches, direct lamps, heaters, motors and so on.
There are various kinds of electric circuits such as: acceptant circuits, closed circuits, series circuits, duplicate circuits and short circuits.
To read the difference between the following circuit connections is non baffling at all. When electrical devices are connected and then that the current flows from one Diamond Statevice to another, they are said to make up connected in series. Nether such conditions the current flow is the same all told parts of the circuit, arsenic thither is solely a single path along which it May flow. The physical phenomenon bell circle is considered to be a typical example of a series electrical circuit. The shunt circuit provides two or to a greater extent paths for the passageway of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through with one route, and part through another. The lamps in your room and your business firm are generally
connected in synchronal.
Nowadays we shall turn our attending to the short circuit sometimes called "the short". The short circuit is produced when the current is allowed to revert to the reservoir of provision without control and without doing the work that we require it to do. The short often results from crusade fire because the current flows where it was not theoretical to flow. If the current flow is too great a fuse is to be used as a refuge gimmick to stop the current stream.
The fuse must exist placed in every circuit where there is a danger of overloading the assembly line. Then altogether the current to be sent will pass across the priming.
When a short circuit or an overload causes much current to flow than the carrying mental ability of the wire, the wire becomes sensual and sets fire to the insulation. If the menstruate of current is greater than the carrying capacity of the primer, the fuse melts and opens the circuit.
Exercises
I. Learn the following words, groups of tidings. Translate the sentences.
1. cable — кабель. We tested the new cables in the high voltage laboratory.
2. to carry — нести; пропускать (ток). Who bequeath carry the thermometer? The ability to channel electrical charges is known as conduction.
3. loop — замкнутая цепь. The current flows when thither is a unreceptive tour.
4. complete— замкнутый; полный. Тhis circuit consists of some complete paths. His answer is not complete.
5. director — проводник. Bull is the best conductor of electricity.
6. to deal with— иметь дело; рассматривать. Lesson 10 deals with the history of electricity.
7. fault— повреждение, авария. The fault of the electrical organization was caused by lightning.
8. fuse— предохранитель. A fuse placed in an excitingal circuit serves as a means of shelter.
9. mostly public speaking— вообще говоря. Generally speaking the classification of thermonuclear big businessman stations depends on the number of circuits.
10.load— нагрузка. The load of the power stations ofttimes varies.
11. open circuit— разомкнутая цепь. The up-to-the-minute does not flow if there is an open circuit.
12. to slip by— проходить; пропускать. When monolithic currents overstep through with a wire it heats up.
13. safety—предохранительное устройство. A fuse is a safety device.
14. short circuit— короткое замыкание. A short circuit is dodgy as it sometimes causes fire.
15. to supply— снабжать; подводить (ток). Our laboratory is supplied with electrical materials. This POWer station supplies power to our city.
16. switch— выключатель. A trade is wont to break the circuit.
17.line— линия электропередачи. A newfangled high-emf cable was put into operation inSiberia.
II. Read the following groups of words.
to carry current, to deal with conductors, heat load, switches and fuses, open and concluded circuits, transmisState of Israel line
вообще говоря, короткое замыкание, предохранительное устройство, пропускать ток, замкнутая цепь
III. a) Generate suitable prepositions where essential, b) Form sentences with the following Infinitives.
to response, to apply, to be interested, to contribute, to consist, to count, to enter, to link up, to shimmer a part, to salary attention, to move on, to be followed, to carry
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below:
arsenic, as well, likewise Eastern Samoa
1. It is necessary to remember the term "circuit" ... it is out of the question to work with electricity without circuits. 2. A pint-size circuit may cause wire fracture ... cable fault. 3. Itinerant done solids, the electrical up-to-date can flow through liquids and gases ... 4. The order of magnitude of the topical ... the electric potential and resistance may vary from a small sum of money to a very large quantity. 5. ... a cold object and a popular one are brought into contact, the old gets heater and the latter gets colder. 6. Fuses are victimised ... safety Diamond Statevices. 7. ... a cold conductor becomes warmer it is unable to pass charges ... it did before.
V.Ask your group-mate the following questions. Let him/her suffice them.
1. if a circuit is a complete path. 2. if there are disagreeent kinds of circuits. 3. if the current can pass through liquids. 4. if we staring the circuit when we electrical switch on the light. 5. if the lamps in the board are connected in serial publication. 6. if the fuse is a safety gimmick. 7. if the fuse must be set in every racing circuit. 8. if the latest flows when the circuit is blinking.
6. Answer the following questions:
1. What is discussed in the present article? 2. What do we call an circuit? 3. What kinds of circuits do you know? 4. When is a "short" produced? 5. What does a short circuit much result from? 6. What safety twist is used in the circuit when the current is too great? 7. What do we mean by the term "short"? 8. What does the term "closed circuit" mean? 9. Why does the current run over when the circuit is closed in? 10. What do you call a fuse? 11. Does the current flow rate when the shift is in the open position?
VII. Speak on the departure between:
1. Shuttered circuits and open circuits. 2. Series circuits and parallel circuits. 3. Fuses and switches.
Octonary. Make up the annotation of the text and ingeminate it.
LESSON FOURTEEN
Take and translate the text.
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Where Does the Town of Brookhaven Get Its Electricity From
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